The invisible
environment
Reports of
budget cuts for school building programmes have left most teachers struggling
away in the same old classroom environments.
Many existing classrooms do not offer the best conditions for teaching in
or learning. Our stock of existing
classrooms might be tired and requiring attention, but they do not need to be
second-rate environments. From an
architect’s point of view, there are several areas, which can be addressed to
improve the ‘human condition’ within each classroom. These are largely
invisible considerations, being psychological and environmental. They can add immense value to a school by
optimising classroom performance, focused specifically on teachers’ and pupils’
requirements, and they can be tailored on a budget. Instead of redecorating with the same old white
paint and buying the usual furniture, this list of 10 ways to revitalise your
classroom, presents a toolkit of coordinated ideas with which classrooms can be
refurbished to make them efficient, stimulating and enjoyable places to develop
in.
Teachers are the heroes of the classroom and with a bit of attention the classroom environment can be revitalised to assist teaching and promote pupil's enthusiasm. |
Acoustics
Acoustic
performance is a key consideration to the design performance of a
classroom. A standard classroom might
have a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds.
This means the room might have a slight echo. The ambient noise might be slightly high and
the teacher might sometimes need to speak up to be heard over the background interference. This can result in stress to the vocal cords and
possible longer-term health issues. Speaking
with acoustics expert Sharon Baker at Ecophon,
the following considerations were noted:
- Is the classroom ceiling more than 2.8m high? This can add to unwanted echo.
- Is the last row of desks more than 9m from the teacher? Consonants frame and make speech, but have little energy and normal conversation decays rapidly beyond this distance.
- Is there noise and interference from outside the classroom, from the playground, the corridor or next door? Sound insulation might be a consideration.
- When working with children with a hearing impairment, sight impairment, autism, ADHD or where English is not their first language, greater sound absorption should be considered. Typically a reverberation time of 0.4 seconds is recommended.
Acoustics can be optimised to make classrooms
more productive environments in the following ways:
Considering acoustic treatment: 1 Acoustic ceiling panels 2 High level acoustic wall panels 3 Cork and felt lined display boards 4 Sound proofing from outside activities |
1 Soft
surfaces
Teachers need
to use the classroom to create fun and exciting learning environments. Wall space is important for display and in
primary schools the classroom facilitates lots of different activities. Measures can be taken to promote these activities
and improve the acoustic performance of the space:
- Lining the walls with large display panels. These can be made from MDF with a cork face, finished in felt. Cork has very good acoustic properties and can work as a versatile pin board for display.
- Covering hard flooring with carpet and underlay is effective for improving acoustic performance.
- Adding a rug, beanbag seats and soft coverings to areas like a reading corner contributes to acoustic performance and adds to the tactility of the room (which is made in point 10).
2 Acoustic
panels
Acoustic
panels are a very effective way of controlling noise levels in a classroom and are
especially effective at high level:
- Acoustic ceiling panels allow lofty classroom spaces to remain high, keeping their sense of space. They can be designed to work with a lighting strategy (described in points 5 and 6), and can contribute to the quality of natural light in the classroom (made in points 3 and 9).
- Acoustic wall panels should also be considered where display space is not required. They should be applied to the front or back walls of the classroom (not the side walls).
Acoustic design might seem like a black art, but there are some simple checks that can be made on the performance of your classroom. With a smartphone decibel app, measure the noise levels during class. If the readings regularly peak at 65dB or above, consider acoustic treatment.
Budget for acoustic treatment approximately
£2,500 to £3,500 + vat
|
Natural Light
Natural light
is important for everyone’s psychological and physical well-being. It is a free resource and very valuable to
classroom design for the following reasons:
- Windows allow light in and also offer views out. This is important because it makes the classroom feel larger than it actually is and pupils do not feel claustrophobic.
- Natural light is dynamic and always changing. This helps to maintain a lively and attentive atmosphere in the classroom, compared to static, electric lighting.
- Where possible natural light from above should be considered. Roof lights are 2.5 times more effective than windows at bringing natural light in to rooms. North lights are especially advantageous for bringing diffused natural light in, without direct sunlight or glare and can allow views to the sky.
However, there
are disadvantages to natural light. Direct
sunlight and glare is the main problem, especially in summer. It can be disruptive to teaching and also contribute
to overheating. By comparison, low level
sunlight (with less energy) in winter afternoons can bring useful sun light and
heat, deep in to the classroom. Natural
light can be controlled to make classrooms more enjoyable environments in the
following ways:
3 Natural
light control
External
louvres work best and should be considered because:
- They prevent direct sunlight from reaching the window, thereby lowering the chance of overheating and glare.
- Where windows have overhead lights, positioning external louvres below these can help bounce valuable light in to the classroom at high level.
- Designing them to work with the sun’s seasonal angles can benefit from the ingress of low winter sun.
The ceiling
and the wall opposite the window should be a light colour to reflect as much
natural light as possible around the room (which relates to points 6 and 9).
Solar films
applied to the exterior face of the window to control direct sunlight are often
considered an economic solution, but they obscure views out from the classroom. They can also scratch over time, and reduce
the general light transmission of the window.
Solar control
blinds to the inside of the window can assist to reduce glare:
- Roller blinds with darker colours work best because they transmit less light compared to lighter colours.
- A 3% open area to the weave is recommended to prevent glare and offer views through to the outside.
- Dropping the bottom rail to a height of about 1.2m above the floor in the summer allows pupils to still have clear views out when working at their tables.
Solar control
roller blinds can be used ‘back to back’ with blackout blinds, to enable light
levels to be lowered for use of projectors.
4 Rooflights
and North light
Where
possible, consider north lights for your classroom. Although this might appear an expensive
design move, it could transform the characteristics of your teaching
environment for the better, and considerably reduce your reliance on electric
lighting. Options include clear Velux
windows, translucent lights insulated with aerogel, and light-pipes.
Budget for natural light controls approximately
£2,500 to £6,000 + vat
|
Electric Lighting Design
To supplement
natural light, the lighting design of a classroom needs also to consider electric
lighting as part of an integrated strategy.
Natural light saves energy and helps the vibrancy of the class with
gently changing light levels. Electric
lighting by comparison is usually constant.
To help maintain the energy and vitality of a productive classroom
environment, the following points might be considered when establishing an
electric lighting design strategy:
Electric lighting strategy: 1 Main lights offer even distribution of light 2 Some illumination of the ceiling adds a sense of space 3 Lighting to assist specific activities or displays |
5 Light
fittings
The
recommended lighting levels for a standard classroom are 300 lux. Recommendations
for classroom lighting include:
- The main light fittings should be set out to give an even distribution of light across working surfaces.
- It is advantageous for the main fittings to give some light wash to the ceiling, to help add to the sense of space.
- To supplement the main lighting and add flexibility to the lighting strategy, it is worth considering a secondary set of light fittings that can highlight special activity areas or display walls etc.
- Light fittings should be selected and positioned so that they do not cause glare or shadows, with the light source as inconspicuous as possible.
- With combinations of fittings, it is important not to create too much light contrast across adjacent areas, which could cause eyestrain, headaches or fatigue. Lighting design needs to create a balance to the classroom space to assist its sense of buoyancy and activity.
- The colour temperatures of all the light fittings should preferably be the same, and full spectrum if possible.
There is a growing
market for good quality light fittings and considerable advances have been made
with LED lighting technologies. As a
result, there is a lot to choose from between new LED and older fluorescent
luminaires, which are usually cheaper but still good quality and economical to
run.
6 Controls
and context
Depending
upon budget, lighting controls can make a useful contribution to the atmosphere
and environment within a classroom. For
a cost, your lighting strategy can include a programmable control system, which
will allow you to finely tune the lighting environment. Although controls can be expensive, the
general cost is falling with some companies specialising in retro-fitting
controls in to rooms without having to rewire existing lighting circuits. Daylight dimming is also a possibility, with
reduced electric lighting when natural levels permit.
To make a
lighting design strategy come to life, and to assist the working environment of
the classroom, it is important to consider the context in which light
works. Ceilings and walls should
preferably be a near-white to reflect as much light as possible around the
room. Light colours are much more
effective at redirecting light in a room as dark colours (point 9).
Budget for lighting and controls approximately
£4,500 to £9,000 + vat
|
Typically
existing school classrooms have a high degree of glazing. Although this is good for natural light, it
can prove problematic for overheating in the summer and excessive heat loss in
the winter. Speaking with Malcolm Orme
at AECOM, the following points should
be considered when addressing a classroom’s ventilation and heating strategy:
- Good ventilation can help to control overheating and improve the indoor air quality.
- If the classroom has an overheating problem during summer, the area of glass can be reduced or other solar control added (point 3) and the ventilation provision increased to remove excess heat.
- Turning off unused equipment and electric lighting costs nothing and also helps to lessen overheating and save energy and money.
- Natural ventilation may often be the most practical solution: Vents can be added, some of which should ideally be positioned at high level to encourage the air to mix before it circulates to working level. Such vents are usually part of the window glazing system.
- Natural ventilation provided by vents and opening windows should have a total ‘free area’ of at least 5% of the floor area of the classroom to be most effective. This should be equally split between low and high level to work best.
Malcolm
added that the types of system available for a new build school are generally
also available for a classroom retrofit. Ventilation can be improved in the following ways:
Ventilating the classroom: 1 High level ventilation grilles 2 Cross ventilation with grilles or openable windows on both sides of the classroom 3 Heat from radiators tempers air as it comes in |
7 Types of
ventilation panel
Ventilation
panels can be sized and retrofitted in to existing window openings to improve the
ventilation performance of your classroom.
There are several options to consider, depending upon budget and the environmental
requirements of the room:
- The simplest and cheapest solution is to use the high level opening windows in your classroom, if you have them.
- Secure ventilation panels can remain open over night in the summer to allow classrooms to be cool and comfortable for the following morning. They usually have a set of fixed louvres to the outside face. Schools built with a high thermal mass (i.e. made with lots of concrete and brick), might benefit from night-time ventilation which is when the building cools down.
- Ventilation panels can have an insulated door on the inside, which helps retain the heat in the classroom when closed in winter.
- If noise from the outside is an issue, ventilation panels can be specified with acoustic louvres to help reduce this problem.
8 Cross
ventilation
Cross
ventilation is the most effective way to circulate fresh air in to your
classroom. Typically, side ventilation
only works up to a room depth of 6m. It
is worth investigating to see if cross ventilation is applicable to your
situation, based on these points:
- The inlet and outlet walls should have total ventilation openings equivalent to 5% of the classroom floor area.
- If inlet and outlet vents are at the same height, cross ventilation works when wind hits the school building and set up a pressure difference between the windward and leeward faces of the school building.
- If inlet and outlet vents are at different heights, cross ventilation is assisted by thermal buoyancy as well as the wind.
- The distance the air has to travel should be no more than five times the height of the room.
Budget for ventilation grilles approximately
£4,000 + vat
|
Colour
Colour has a
direct relationship with energy use.
Black materials absorb 20 times more natural light energy than white,
and gains heat in the process. Light
colours generally make a room look bigger and dark colours normally make a room
look smaller. Choice of colour also plays a significant role in the
psychological balance of a classroom environment. Angela Wright, Colour Psychologist at Colour Affects has formulated sets of colour
that harmonise together and can be used to encourage peoples’ behavioural
patterns within buildings. Her Type 1 Colours are particularly
applicable for classroom environments because they instil a buoyant, active atmosphere.
9 Colour
Points to
consider when using colour in your classroom:
- Don’t use white because it is too harsh. Instead the Type 1 colours have a set of near-whites that are much more gentle on the eye, and work well with lighting strategies. One match is Dulux Timeless, used in the art studio project, shown above.
- It is recommended to keep the main surfaces of a classroom, walls and ceiling a light or near-white colour, so to keep the room feeling calm.
- Other Type 1 colours might be used to highlight or add emphasis to specific areas of a classroom. These might include the carpet, the wall behind the white board, the chairs or furnishings to areas like a reading corner or computer terminals etc. These areas will then stand out as clear and distinct zones in the classroom environment.
- Angela noted that blue is the prime learning colour, intellectual in its effect. Strong blues can help to focus the mind and soft blues aid concentration. The optimum learning colour scheme might be a dominant blue with a secondary yellow, or the other way round for variation.
- Do keep it simple, but a classroom space should never be a single colour. We all need a balance of wavelengths.
Within the
wider school context, Type 1 colours can also be used to identify subject areas
and departments in secondary schools. For
example, blue for science, purple for R.E., yellow for maths and orange for the
lunchtime canteen etc.
Ergonomics
Dulux timeless reads as white within a room but is not as harsh on the eye |
Budget to paint a classroom approximately £700 +
vat
|
Ergonomic
considerations are important to the comfort of pupils and their ability to
learn, but it is not just about purchasing quality furniture. With a bit of planning the classroom
environment can be designed to help capture childrens’ imagination on a budget.
10
Ergonomics
Teachers know
best how to set out their classroom and manage their class, but here are some
thoughts on how this might be done with ergonomic input:
- Chairs, desks and tables all need to be of the right size for the children and work together.
- Especially in primary schools, furniture, fixtures and fittings can be selected to make a classroom feel more home-like and cosy. Moving away from a hard institutional feel can help pupils to feel more comfortable and relax in to their work. Soft finishes also assists acoustic performance (made in point 1 above).
- Simplicity is key. Clearly differentiate areas with colour (point 9) and materials such as flooring or furniture coverings.
- A classroom space can be tactile and sensory. Differences in light (points 3 and 5) and reflection add interest and enjoyment to the classroom environment.
Sensory
experiences are believed to help learning and develop our perceptions. We explore, discriminate and interpret
reality through our senses, which assists in the process of constructing and
processing our knowledge. Stimulating
environments are key.
Reading nooks, book cases and ladders to explore |
Budget for soft finishes, and new furniture
approximately £500 to £1,850 + vat
|
Putting it all together
These points
are intended to promote some focused thought and discussion about existing classroom
design. If you are considering any work
to the school, please bare them in mind, and be conscious of the effect
of ‘adding to’ the classroom's working environment uncoordinated additions. The approximate budget rates, when added together
may seem a bit high, but making a significant difference might only require
implementing a few of these ideas. An
approach could be to trial a change in one classroom and then roll these refurbishments out over the rest of the school, once the benefits have been proven and as the budget allows.
Should you
wish to discuss any of these points in greater detail or request assistance
putting together a comprehensive design strategy for classroom refurbishment,
please do not hesitate to contact DesignBox Architecture.